The correct answer is "2 and 3 only." Statement 1 is incorrect because while Dhrupad has historical roots in the early medieval period, it was not solely confined to the Rajput kingdoms or exclusively developed during the Mughal era; rather, it evolved from the earlier traditions of Hindustani classical music. Statement 2 is accurate as Dhrupad is indeed characterized by its devotional and spiritual themes, often expressing deep religious sentiments. Statement 3 is correct as well, as Dhrupad alap often incorporates Sanskrit syllables that have a mantra-like quality, reflecting its philosophical and spiritual essence. This understanding aligns well with the exploration of Indian music traditions in UPSC sources, emphasizing the cultural and historical significance of Dhrupad beyond mere temporal categorization.