The correct option is 2 and 3, referring to lichen and moss. Both of these organisms are known as pioneer species and play a critical role in primary succession, thriving in harsh conditions such as bare rock surfaces where soil is minimal or absent. Lichens, a symbiotic association between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria, can colonize rocky surfaces and contribute to soil formation by breaking down rock material, while mosses are capable of retaining moisture and can establish themselves in similarly barren environments, further facilitating the development of soil and supporting subsequent plant life.