Bollgard I and Bollgard II technologies refer to genetically modified (GM) cotton varieties developed by incorporating genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which provide resistance against specific pests like the cotton bollworm. These technologies illustrate the application of biotechnology in agriculture to enhance crop yield and reduce reliance on chemical pesticides, aligning with sustainable farming practices. In the context of the UPSC Prelims, understanding such advancements highlights the intersection of science, agriculture, and food security, which are key themes in national development and environmental sustainability.