The correct answer is 2 and 3 only because both Buddhism and Jainism emerged as reformist movements that challenged the authority of the Vedas and rejected the efficacy of Vedic rituals as means to attain spiritual liberation. While they did advocate for a middle path in lifestyle practices, their core philosophies were more aligned with a critical stance towards the rigidity of ritualism and scriptural authority, making options 2 and 3 applicable to both traditions. Understanding these aspects is crucial for grasping the broader socio-religious context of Ancient India, particularly during the period of the rise of non-Vedic religions.