The correct answer, “2 and 3 only,” reflects key similarities between Buddhism and Jainism, which emerged as heterodox movements against the established Brahmanical orthodoxy. Both religions rejected the authority of the Vedas, aligning with the growing critique of textual tradition, and denied the efficacy of rituals in achieving spiritual progress, advocating instead for personal ethical conduct and meditation. However, while both traditions emphasize moderation, Jainism notably promotes strict asceticism, which contrasts with the Buddhist Middle Way; therefore, the first statement does not apply universally to both. This comparison highlights their role in reshaping spiritual discourse in ancient India, emphasizing moral and philosophical inquiries over ritualistic practices.